Free-piston engine generators and linear machines represent an innovative departure from conventional rotary systems, offering high thermal efficiency and operational flexibility by eliminating the ...

The first recognizable internal combustion engine was developed by Nikolaus Otto in 1861. Since then, the gasoline-powered engine has evolved immensely. However, the principles that underlie how ...

The continuous drive for enhanced efficiency and reliability in modern diesel engines has prompted extensive research into the thermal management of critical components such as pistons. The ...